Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Research Report 2026(Status And Outlook)

Buy Now
Share to
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
WhatsApp
Base Year
2026
Forecast Period
2024-2029
Pages
159
Industry
Consumer Electronics
Regions
Global
Updated
April 2026

Report Overview


Report Overview
The 2025 U.S. tariff policies introduce profound uncertainty into the global economic landscape. This report critically examines the implications of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Bipolar Thyristors competitive dynamics, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.In 2024, global bipolar thyristor output was about 21 million units with 25 million units of capacity, the average unit price is about USD 95 and an average gross margin of 35%. Bipolar thyristors are high-power semiconductor switching devices that control large currents and voltages by combining both bipolar transistor and diode characteristics in a four-layer PNPN structure. They operate as latching switches that conduct when triggered and remain on until current falls below a holding threshold, making them vital for AC power control, rectification, and conversion. The supply chain begins with raw materials such as high-purity silicon wafers, dopants (boron, phosphorus), and ceramic substrates; followed by midstream processing including wafer diffusion, photolithography, metallization, and passivation to form the thyristor die. The packaging and assembly phase integrates the die into insulated modules with heat sinks and gate terminals, tested for surge and thermal endurance. Finally, downstream integration supplies power equipment manufacturers for use in HVDC converters, motor drives, inverters, welding equipment, and power grids.

The global Bipolar Thyristors market size was estimated at USD 1940.0 million in 2025 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.80% during the forecast period.

This report offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the global Bipolar Thyristors market, covering all critical facets from a broad macroeconomic overview to detailed micro-level insights. It examines market size, competitive landscape, emerging development trends, niche segments, key drivers and challenges, as well as conducts SWOT and value chain analyses.

The insights provided enable readers to understand the competitive dynamics within the industry and formulate effective strategies to enhance profitability and market positioning. Additionally, the report presents a clear framework for evaluating the current status and future outlook of business organizations operating in this sector.

A significant focus of this report lies in the competitive landscape of the global Bipolar Thyristors market. It offers detailed profiles of major players, including their market shares, performance metrics, product portfolios, and operational status. This enables stakeholders to identify leading competitors and gain a nuanced understanding of market rivalry and structure.

In summary, this report serves as an essential resource for industry participants, investors, researchers, consultants, and business strategists, as well as anyone planning to enter or expand their presence in the Bipolar Thyristors market.
Global Bipolar Thyristors Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
This research report provides a detailed segmentation of the market by region (country), key manufacturers, product type, and application. Market segmentation divides the overall market into distinct subsets based on factors such as product categories, end-user industries, geographic locations, and other relevant criteria.
A clear understanding of these market segments enables decision-makers to tailor their product development, sales, and marketing strategies more effectively to meet the unique needs of each segment. Leveraging market segmentation insights can significantly enhance targeted approaches, optimize resource allocation, and accelerate product innovation cycles by aligning offerings with the specific demands of diverse customer groups.
Key Company
Infineon Technologies
Fuji Electric
Mitsubishi Electric
STMicroelectronics
Vishay Intertechnology
ON Semiconductor
Renesas Electronics
ABB Group
Hitachi Energy
Semikron Danfoss
Shindengen Electric
Proton-Electrotex
Dynex Semiconductor
Sanken Electric
GeneSiC Semiconductor
WeEn Semiconductors
Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics
StarPower Semiconductor

Market Segmentation (by Type)
Gate Turn-On Thyristors (SCRs)
Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs)

Market Segmentation (by Application)
Power & Energy
Railway Systems
Aerospace & Defense
Industrial
Metallurgical
Chemical
Others

Geographic Segmentation
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)

Key Benefits of This Market Research:
Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
Neutral perspective on the market performance
Recent industry trends and developments
Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
In-depth analysis of the Bipolar Thyristors Market
Overview of the regional outlook of the Bipolar Thyristors Market:

Customization of the Report
In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.

Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Bipolar Thyristors Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.

Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the markets competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.

Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porters five forces analysis.

Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.

Chapter 9 shares the main producing countries of Bipolar Thyristors, their output value, profit level, regional supply, production capacity layout, etc. from the supply side.

Chapter 10 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.

Chapter 12 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment in the next five years.

Chapter 13 is the main points and conclusions of the report.

Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
Provision of market value data for each segment and sub-segment
Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
6-month post-sales analyst support
Customization of the Report
In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.



Table of Contents

  • 1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope
    • 1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Bipolar Thyristors
    • 1.2 Key Market Segments
      • 1.2.1 Bipolar Thyristors Segment by Type
      • 1.2.2 Bipolar Thyristors Segment by Application
    • 1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
      • 1.3.1 Research Methodology
      • 1.3.2 Research Process
      • 1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
      • 1.3.4 Base Year
      • 1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats
  • 2 Bipolar Thyristors Market Overview
    • 2.1 Global Market Overview
      • 2.1.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2035)
      • 2.1.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2035)
    • 2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
    • 2.3 Global Market Size by Region
  • 3 Bipolar Thyristors Market Competitive Landscape
    • 3.1 Company Assessment Quadrant
    • 3.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Product Life Cycle
    • 3.3 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
    • 3.4 Global Bipolar Thyristors Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
    • 3.5 Bipolar Thyristors Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
    • 3.6 Global Bipolar Thyristors Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
    • 3.7 Manufacturers’ Manufacturing Sites, Areas Served, and Product Types
    • 3.8 Bipolar Thyristors Market Competitive Situation and Trends
      • 3.8.1 Bipolar Thyristors Market Concentration Rate
      • 3.8.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Bipolar Thyristors Players Market Share by Revenue
      • 3.8.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
  • 4 Bipolar Thyristors Industry Chain Analysis
    • 4.1 Bipolar Thyristors Industry Chain Analysis
    • 4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
    • 4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
    • 4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis
  • 5 The Development and Dynamics of Bipolar Thyristors Market
    • 5.1 Key Development Trends
    • 5.2 Driving Factors
    • 5.3 Market Challenges
    • 5.4 Industry News
      • 5.4.1 New Product Developments
      • 5.4.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
      • 5.4.3 Expansions
      • 5.4.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
    • 5.5 PEST Analysis
      • 5.5.1 Industry Policies Analysis
      • 5.5.2 Economic Environment Analysis
      • 5.5.3 Social Environment Analysis
      • 5.5.4 Technological Environment Analysis
    • 5.6 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Porters Five Forces Analysis
      • 5.6.1 Global Trade Frictions
      • 5.6.2 U.S. Tariff Policy – April 2025
      • 5.6.3 Global Trade Frictions and Their Impacts to Bipolar Thyristors Market
    • 5.7 ESG Ratings of Leading Companies
  • 6 Bipolar Thyristors Market Segmentation by Type
    • 6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
    • 6.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
    • 6.3 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
    • 6.4 Global Bipolar Thyristors Price by Type (2020-2025)
  • 7 Bipolar Thyristors Market Segmentation by Application
    • 7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
    • 7.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Sales by Application (2020-2025)
    • 7.3 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2025)
    • 7.4 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2025)
  • 8 Bipolar Thyristors Market Sales by Region
    • 8.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Region
      • 8.1.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Region
      • 8.1.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales Market Share by Region
    • 8.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Region
      • 8.2.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Region
      • 8.2.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Region
    • 8.3 North America
      • 8.3.1 North America Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Country
      • 8.3.2 North America Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Country
      • 8.3.3 U.S. Market Overview
      • 8.3.4 Canada Market Overview
      • 8.3.5 Mexico Market Overview
    • 8.4 Europe
      • 8.4.1 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Country
      • 8.4.2 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Country
      • 8.4.3 Germany Market Overview
      • 8.4.4 France Market Overview
      • 8.4.5 U.K. Market Overview
      • 8.4.6 Italy Market Overview
      • 8.4.7 Spain Market Overview
    • 8.5 Asia Pacific
      • 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Region
      • 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Region
      • 8.5.3 China Market Overview
      • 8.5.4 Japan Market Overview
      • 8.5.5 South Korea Market Overview
      • 8.5.6 India Market Overview
      • 8.5.7 Southeast Asia Market Overview
    • 8.6 South America
      • 8.6.1 South America Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Country
      • 8.6.2 South America Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Country
      • 8.6.3 Brazil Market Overview
      • 8.6.4 Argentina Market Overview
      • 8.6.5 Columbia Market Overview
    • 8.7 Middle East and Africa
      • 8.7.1 Middle East and Africa Bipolar Thyristors Sales by Region
      • 8.7.2 Middle East and Africa Bipolar Thyristors Market Size by Region
      • 8.7.3 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
      • 8.7.4 UAE Market Overview
      • 8.7.5 Egypt Market Overview
      • 8.7.6 Nigeria Market Overview
      • 8.7.7 South Africa Market Overview
  • 9 Bipolar Thyristors Market Production by Region
    • 9.1 Global Production of Bipolar Thyristors by Region(2020-2025)
    • 9.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
    • 9.3 Global Bipolar Thyristors Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
    • 9.4 North America Bipolar Thyristors Production
      • 9.4.1 North America Bipolar Thyristors Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
      • 9.4.2 North America Bipolar Thyristors Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
    • 9.5 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Production
      • 9.5.1 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
      • 9.5.2 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
    • 9.6 Japan Bipolar Thyristors Production (2020-2025)
      • 9.6.1 Japan Bipolar Thyristors Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
      • 9.6.2 Japan Bipolar Thyristors Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
    • 9.7 China Bipolar Thyristors Production (2020-2025)
      • 9.7.1 China Bipolar Thyristors Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
      • 9.7.2 China Bipolar Thyristors Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 10 Key Companies Profile
    • 10.1 Infineon Technologies
      • 10.1.1 Infineon Technologies Basic Information
      • 10.1.2 Infineon Technologies Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.1.3 Infineon Technologies Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.1.4 Infineon Technologies Business Overview
      • 10.1.5 Infineon Technologies SWOT Analysis
      • 10.1.6 Infineon Technologies Recent Developments
    • 10.2 Fuji Electric
      • 10.2.1 Fuji Electric Basic Information
      • 10.2.2 Fuji Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.2.3 Fuji Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.2.4 Fuji Electric Business Overview
      • 10.2.5 Fuji Electric SWOT Analysis
      • 10.2.6 Fuji Electric Recent Developments
    • 10.3 Mitsubishi Electric
      • 10.3.1 Mitsubishi Electric Basic Information
      • 10.3.2 Mitsubishi Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.3.3 Mitsubishi Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.3.4 Mitsubishi Electric Business Overview
      • 10.3.5 Mitsubishi Electric SWOT Analysis
      • 10.3.6 Mitsubishi Electric Recent Developments
    • 10.4 STMicroelectronics
      • 10.4.1 STMicroelectronics Basic Information
      • 10.4.2 STMicroelectronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.4.3 STMicroelectronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.4.4 STMicroelectronics Business Overview
      • 10.4.5 STMicroelectronics Recent Developments
    • 10.5 Vishay Intertechnology
      • 10.5.1 Vishay Intertechnology Basic Information
      • 10.5.2 Vishay Intertechnology Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.5.3 Vishay Intertechnology Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.5.4 Vishay Intertechnology Business Overview
      • 10.5.5 Vishay Intertechnology Recent Developments
    • 10.6 ON Semiconductor
      • 10.6.1 ON Semiconductor Basic Information
      • 10.6.2 ON Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.6.3 ON Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.6.4 ON Semiconductor Business Overview
      • 10.6.5 ON Semiconductor Recent Developments
    • 10.7 Renesas Electronics
      • 10.7.1 Renesas Electronics Basic Information
      • 10.7.2 Renesas Electronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.7.3 Renesas Electronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.7.4 Renesas Electronics Business Overview
      • 10.7.5 Renesas Electronics Recent Developments
    • 10.8 ABB Group
      • 10.8.1 ABB Group Basic Information
      • 10.8.2 ABB Group Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.8.3 ABB Group Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.8.4 ABB Group Business Overview
      • 10.8.5 ABB Group Recent Developments
    • 10.9 Hitachi Energy
      • 10.9.1 Hitachi Energy Basic Information
      • 10.9.2 Hitachi Energy Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.9.3 Hitachi Energy Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.9.4 Hitachi Energy Business Overview
      • 10.9.5 Hitachi Energy Recent Developments
    • 10.10 Semikron Danfoss
      • 10.10.1 Semikron Danfoss Basic Information
      • 10.10.2 Semikron Danfoss Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.10.3 Semikron Danfoss Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.10.4 Semikron Danfoss Business Overview
      • 10.10.5 Semikron Danfoss Recent Developments
    • 10.11 Shindengen Electric
      • 10.11.1 Shindengen Electric Basic Information
      • 10.11.2 Shindengen Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.11.3 Shindengen Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.11.4 Shindengen Electric Business Overview
      • 10.11.5 Shindengen Electric Recent Developments
    • 10.12 Proton-Electrotex
      • 10.12.1 Proton-Electrotex Basic Information
      • 10.12.2 Proton-Electrotex Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.12.3 Proton-Electrotex Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.12.4 Proton-Electrotex Business Overview
      • 10.12.5 Proton-Electrotex Recent Developments
    • 10.13 Dynex Semiconductor
      • 10.13.1 Dynex Semiconductor Basic Information
      • 10.13.2 Dynex Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.13.3 Dynex Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.13.4 Dynex Semiconductor Business Overview
      • 10.13.5 Dynex Semiconductor Recent Developments
    • 10.14 Sanken Electric
      • 10.14.1 Sanken Electric Basic Information
      • 10.14.2 Sanken Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.14.3 Sanken Electric Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.14.4 Sanken Electric Business Overview
      • 10.14.5 Sanken Electric Recent Developments
    • 10.15 GeneSiC Semiconductor
      • 10.15.1 GeneSiC Semiconductor Basic Information
      • 10.15.2 GeneSiC Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.15.3 GeneSiC Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.15.4 GeneSiC Semiconductor Business Overview
      • 10.15.5 GeneSiC Semiconductor Recent Developments
    • 10.16 WeEn Semiconductors
      • 10.16.1 WeEn Semiconductors Basic Information
      • 10.16.2 WeEn Semiconductors Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.16.3 WeEn Semiconductors Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.16.4 WeEn Semiconductors Business Overview
      • 10.16.5 WeEn Semiconductors Recent Developments
    • 10.17 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics
      • 10.17.1 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics Basic Information
      • 10.17.2 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.17.3 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.17.4 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics Business Overview
      • 10.17.5 Jiangsu JieJie Microelectronics Recent Developments
    • 10.18 StarPower Semiconductor
      • 10.18.1 StarPower Semiconductor Basic Information
      • 10.18.2 StarPower Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Overview
      • 10.18.3 StarPower Semiconductor Bipolar Thyristors Product Market Performance
      • 10.18.4 StarPower Semiconductor Business Overview
      • 10.18.5 StarPower Semiconductor Recent Developments
  • 11 Bipolar Thyristors Market Forecast by Region
    • 11.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size Forecast
    • 11.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Forecast by Region
      • 11.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country
      • 11.2.2 Europe Bipolar Thyristors Market Size Forecast by Country
      • 11.2.3 Asia Pacific Bipolar Thyristors Market Size Forecast by Region
      • 11.2.4 South America Bipolar Thyristors Market Size Forecast by Country
      • 11.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Sales of Bipolar Thyristors by Country
  • 12 Forecast Market by Type and by Application (2026-2035)
    • 12.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Forecast by Type (2026-2035)
      • 12.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Bipolar Thyristors by Type (2026-2035)
      • 12.1.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size Forecast by Type (2026-2035)
      • 12.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Bipolar Thyristors by Type (2026-2035)
    • 12.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Forecast by Application (2026-2035)
      • 12.2.1 Global Bipolar Thyristors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application
      • 12.2.2 Global Bipolar Thyristors Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2026-2035)
  • 13 Conclusion and Key Findings

Frequently Asked Questions

JSB Market Research is a global provider of market research reports, industry insights, and business intelligence solutions. We help companies, analysts, and decision-makers gain a deeper understanding of global and regional markets.

Our reports deliver data-driven insights, market opportunities, competitive landscapes, and future forecasts. These help your business make informed decisions, enter new markets confidently, and stay ahead of industry trends.

Yes. We offer tailored research services designed to meet your specific market, product, or competitor analysis needs. Our experts work closely with clients to deliver precise, relevant, and actionable insights.

Browse the desired report, select your preferred license type, and complete payment through our secure checkout. For corporate purchases or invoice payments, you can contact our support team directly.

Yes. You can request sample pages or a report overview. This helps you understand the structure, methodology, and depth of analysis before purchasing.