Report Overview
Report Overview
E-commerce paper bags are paper bags specifically designed for online retailers and businesses to use for packaging and shipping their products to customers. These bags serve as an alternative to plastic packaging and are typically chosen for their eco-friendly and recyclable nature. They can be used for various types of products, including clothing, accessories, and smaller items, and are often customized with the retailers branding or logo.
The global Ecommerce Paper Bags market size was estimated at USD 1800.0 million in 2025 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.40% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the global Ecommerce Paper Bags market, covering all critical facets from a broad macroeconomic overview to detailed micro-level insights. It examines market size, competitive landscape, emerging development trends, niche segments, key drivers and challenges, as well as conducts SWOT and value chain analyses.
The insights provided enable readers to understand the competitive dynamics within the industry and formulate effective strategies to enhance profitability and market positioning. Additionally, the report presents a clear framework for evaluating the current status and future outlook of business organizations operating in this sector.
A significant focus of this report lies in the competitive landscape of the global Ecommerce Paper Bags market. It offers detailed profiles of major players, including their market shares, performance metrics, product portfolios, and operational status. This enables stakeholders to identify leading competitors and gain a nuanced understanding of market rivalry and structure.
In summary, this report serves as an essential resource for industry participants, investors, researchers, consultants, and business strategists, as well as anyone planning to enter or expand their presence in the Ecommerce Paper Bags market.
Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
This research report provides a detailed segmentation of the market by region (country), key manufacturers, product type, and application. Market segmentation divides the overall market into distinct subsets based on factors such as product categories, end-user industries, geographic locations, and other relevant criteria.
A clear understanding of these market segments enables decision-makers to tailor their product development, sales, and marketing strategies more effectively to meet the unique needs of each segment. Leveraging market segmentation insights can significantly enhance targeted approaches, optimize resource allocation, and accelerate product innovation cycles by aligning offerings with the specific demands of diverse customer groups.
Key Company
Mondi Plc
Papier Metler Gmbh
International Paper
DS Smith Plc
ePaperBag
Sealed Air Corporation
Adeera Pack
Novolex Holdings LLC
GASCOGNE SA
Billerud AB
Jonsac
Packagemate
Smurfit Kappa Group
Masterpress SA
AB Group Packaging
NEON eCommerce Packaging
Bestpac GmbH
RAJA
Mondi Group
Lil Packaging
LETS PAK
LCHP
Rovi Packaging
Light Packaging
Market Segmentation (by Type)
Kraft Paper Bags
White Cardboard Bags
Others
Market Segmentation (by Application)
Online Sales
Offline Sales
Geographic Segmentation
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)
Key Benefits of This Market Research:
Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
Neutral perspective on the market performance
Recent industry trends and developments
Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
In-depth analysis of the Ecommerce Paper Bags Market
Overview of the regional outlook of the Ecommerce Paper Bags Market:
Customization of the Report
In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.
Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Ecommerce Paper Bags Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the markets competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.
Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porters five forces analysis.
Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 9 shares the main producing countries of Ecommerce Paper Bags, their output value, profit level, regional supply, production capacity layout, etc. from the supply side.
Chapter 10 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.
Chapter 12 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment in the next five years.
Chapter 13 is the main points and conclusions of the report.
Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
Provision of market value data for each segment and sub-segment
Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
6-month post-sales analyst support
Customization of the Report
In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.
Table of Contents
- 1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope
- 1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Ecommerce Paper Bags
- 1.2 Key Market Segments
- 1.2.1 Ecommerce Paper Bags Segment by Type
- 1.2.2 Ecommerce Paper Bags Segment by Application
- 1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
- 1.3.1 Research Methodology
- 1.3.2 Research Process
- 1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 1.3.4 Base Year
- 1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats
- 2 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Overview
- 2.1 Global Market Overview
- 2.1.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2035)
- 2.1.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2035)
- 2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
- 2.3 Global Market Size by Region
- 2.1 Global Market Overview
- 3 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Competitive Landscape
- 3.1 Company Assessment Quadrant
- 3.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Life Cycle
- 3.3 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.5 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
- 3.6 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.7 Manufacturers’ Manufacturing Sites, Areas Served, and Product Types
- 3.8 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Competitive Situation and Trends
- 3.8.1 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Concentration Rate
- 3.8.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Ecommerce Paper Bags Players Market Share by Revenue
- 3.8.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
- 4 Ecommerce Paper Bags Industry Chain Analysis
- 4.1 Ecommerce Paper Bags Industry Chain Analysis
- 4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
- 4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
- 4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis
- 5 The Development and Dynamics of Ecommerce Paper Bags Market
- 5.1 Key Development Trends
- 5.2 Driving Factors
- 5.3 Market Challenges
- 5.4 Industry News
- 5.4.1 New Product Developments
- 5.4.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
- 5.4.3 Expansions
- 5.4.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
- 5.5 PEST Analysis
- 5.5.1 Industry Policies Analysis
- 5.5.2 Economic Environment Analysis
- 5.5.3 Social Environment Analysis
- 5.5.4 Technological Environment Analysis
- 5.6 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 5.6.1 Global Trade Frictions
- 5.6.2 U.S. Tariff Policy – April 2025
- 5.6.3 Global Trade Frictions and Their Impacts to Ecommerce Paper Bags Market
- 5.7 ESG Ratings of Leading Companies
- 6 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Segmentation by Type
- 6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
- 6.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
- 6.3 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
- 6.4 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Price by Type (2020-2025)
- 7 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Segmentation by Application
- 7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
- 7.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Sales by Application (2020-2025)
- 7.3 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2025)
- 7.4 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2025)
- 8 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Sales by Region
- 8.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Region
- 8.1.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Region
- 8.1.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales Market Share by Region
- 8.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Region
- 8.2.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Region
- 8.2.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Region
- 8.3 North America
- 8.3.1 North America Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Country
- 8.3.2 North America Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Country
- 8.3.3 U.S. Market Overview
- 8.3.4 Canada Market Overview
- 8.3.5 Mexico Market Overview
- 8.4 Europe
- 8.4.1 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Country
- 8.4.2 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Country
- 8.4.3 Germany Market Overview
- 8.4.4 France Market Overview
- 8.4.5 U.K. Market Overview
- 8.4.6 Italy Market Overview
- 8.4.7 Spain Market Overview
- 8.5 Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Region
- 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Region
- 8.5.3 China Market Overview
- 8.5.4 Japan Market Overview
- 8.5.5 South Korea Market Overview
- 8.5.6 India Market Overview
- 8.5.7 Southeast Asia Market Overview
- 8.6 South America
- 8.6.1 South America Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Country
- 8.6.2 South America Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Country
- 8.6.3 Brazil Market Overview
- 8.6.4 Argentina Market Overview
- 8.6.5 Columbia Market Overview
- 8.7 Middle East and Africa
- 8.7.1 Middle East and Africa Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Region
- 8.7.2 Middle East and Africa Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size by Region
- 8.7.3 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
- 8.7.4 UAE Market Overview
- 8.7.5 Egypt Market Overview
- 8.7.6 Nigeria Market Overview
- 8.7.7 South Africa Market Overview
- 8.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales by Region
- 9 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Production by Region
- 9.1 Global Production of Ecommerce Paper Bags by Region(2020-2025)
- 9.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 9.3 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.4 North America Ecommerce Paper Bags Production
- 9.4.1 North America Ecommerce Paper Bags Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.4.2 North America Ecommerce Paper Bags Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.5 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Production
- 9.5.1 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.5.2 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.6 Japan Ecommerce Paper Bags Production (2020-2025)
- 9.6.1 Japan Ecommerce Paper Bags Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.6.2 Japan Ecommerce Paper Bags Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.7 China Ecommerce Paper Bags Production (2020-2025)
- 9.7.1 China Ecommerce Paper Bags Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.7.2 China Ecommerce Paper Bags Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 10 Key Companies Profile
- 10.1 Mondi Plc
- 10.1.1 Mondi Plc Basic Information
- 10.1.2 Mondi Plc Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.1.3 Mondi Plc Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.1.4 Mondi Plc Business Overview
- 10.1.5 Mondi Plc SWOT Analysis
- 10.1.6 Mondi Plc Recent Developments
- 10.2 Papier Metler Gmbh
- 10.2.1 Papier Metler Gmbh Basic Information
- 10.2.2 Papier Metler Gmbh Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.2.3 Papier Metler Gmbh Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.2.4 Papier Metler Gmbh Business Overview
- 10.2.5 Papier Metler Gmbh SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6 Papier Metler Gmbh Recent Developments
- 10.3 International Paper
- 10.3.1 International Paper Basic Information
- 10.3.2 International Paper Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.3.3 International Paper Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.3.4 International Paper Business Overview
- 10.3.5 International Paper SWOT Analysis
- 10.3.6 International Paper Recent Developments
- 10.4 DS Smith Plc
- 10.4.1 DS Smith Plc Basic Information
- 10.4.2 DS Smith Plc Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.4.3 DS Smith Plc Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.4.4 DS Smith Plc Business Overview
- 10.4.5 DS Smith Plc Recent Developments
- 10.5 ePaperBag
- 10.5.1 ePaperBag Basic Information
- 10.5.2 ePaperBag Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.5.3 ePaperBag Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.5.4 ePaperBag Business Overview
- 10.5.5 ePaperBag Recent Developments
- 10.6 Sealed Air Corporation
- 10.6.1 Sealed Air Corporation Basic Information
- 10.6.2 Sealed Air Corporation Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.6.3 Sealed Air Corporation Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.6.4 Sealed Air Corporation Business Overview
- 10.6.5 Sealed Air Corporation Recent Developments
- 10.7 Adeera Pack
- 10.7.1 Adeera Pack Basic Information
- 10.7.2 Adeera Pack Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.7.3 Adeera Pack Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.7.4 Adeera Pack Business Overview
- 10.7.5 Adeera Pack Recent Developments
- 10.8 Novolex Holdings LLC
- 10.8.1 Novolex Holdings LLC Basic Information
- 10.8.2 Novolex Holdings LLC Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.8.3 Novolex Holdings LLC Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.8.4 Novolex Holdings LLC Business Overview
- 10.8.5 Novolex Holdings LLC Recent Developments
- 10.9 GASCOGNE SA
- 10.9.1 GASCOGNE SA Basic Information
- 10.9.2 GASCOGNE SA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.9.3 GASCOGNE SA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.9.4 GASCOGNE SA Business Overview
- 10.9.5 GASCOGNE SA Recent Developments
- 10.10 Billerud AB
- 10.10.1 Billerud AB Basic Information
- 10.10.2 Billerud AB Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.10.3 Billerud AB Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.10.4 Billerud AB Business Overview
- 10.10.5 Billerud AB Recent Developments
- 10.11 Jonsac
- 10.11.1 Jonsac Basic Information
- 10.11.2 Jonsac Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.11.3 Jonsac Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.11.4 Jonsac Business Overview
- 10.11.5 Jonsac Recent Developments
- 10.12 Packagemate
- 10.12.1 Packagemate Basic Information
- 10.12.2 Packagemate Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.12.3 Packagemate Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.12.4 Packagemate Business Overview
- 10.12.5 Packagemate Recent Developments
- 10.13 Smurfit Kappa Group
- 10.13.1 Smurfit Kappa Group Basic Information
- 10.13.2 Smurfit Kappa Group Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.13.3 Smurfit Kappa Group Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.13.4 Smurfit Kappa Group Business Overview
- 10.13.5 Smurfit Kappa Group Recent Developments
- 10.14 Masterpress SA
- 10.14.1 Masterpress SA Basic Information
- 10.14.2 Masterpress SA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.14.3 Masterpress SA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.14.4 Masterpress SA Business Overview
- 10.14.5 Masterpress SA Recent Developments
- 10.15 AB Group Packaging
- 10.15.1 AB Group Packaging Basic Information
- 10.15.2 AB Group Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.15.3 AB Group Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.15.4 AB Group Packaging Business Overview
- 10.15.5 AB Group Packaging Recent Developments
- 10.16 NEON eCommerce Packaging
- 10.16.1 NEON eCommerce Packaging Basic Information
- 10.16.2 NEON eCommerce Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.16.3 NEON eCommerce Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.16.4 NEON eCommerce Packaging Business Overview
- 10.16.5 NEON eCommerce Packaging Recent Developments
- 10.17 Bestpac GmbH
- 10.17.1 Bestpac GmbH Basic Information
- 10.17.2 Bestpac GmbH Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.17.3 Bestpac GmbH Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.17.4 Bestpac GmbH Business Overview
- 10.17.5 Bestpac GmbH Recent Developments
- 10.18 RAJA
- 10.18.1 RAJA Basic Information
- 10.18.2 RAJA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.18.3 RAJA Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.18.4 RAJA Business Overview
- 10.18.5 RAJA Recent Developments
- 10.19 Mondi Group
- 10.19.1 Mondi Group Basic Information
- 10.19.2 Mondi Group Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.19.3 Mondi Group Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.19.4 Mondi Group Business Overview
- 10.19.5 Mondi Group Recent Developments
- 10.20 Lil Packaging
- 10.20.1 Lil Packaging Basic Information
- 10.20.2 Lil Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.20.3 Lil Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.20.4 Lil Packaging Business Overview
- 10.20.5 Lil Packaging Recent Developments
- 10.21 LETS PAK
- 10.21.1 LETS PAK Basic Information
- 10.21.2 LETS PAK Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.21.3 LETS PAK Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.21.4 LETS PAK Business Overview
- 10.21.5 LETS PAK Recent Developments
- 10.22 LCHP
- 10.22.1 LCHP Basic Information
- 10.22.2 LCHP Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.22.3 LCHP Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.22.4 LCHP Business Overview
- 10.22.5 LCHP Recent Developments
- 10.23 Rovi Packaging
- 10.23.1 Rovi Packaging Basic Information
- 10.23.2 Rovi Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.23.3 Rovi Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.23.4 Rovi Packaging Business Overview
- 10.23.5 Rovi Packaging Recent Developments
- 10.24 Light Packaging
- 10.24.1 Light Packaging Basic Information
- 10.24.2 Light Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Overview
- 10.24.3 Light Packaging Ecommerce Paper Bags Product Market Performance
- 10.24.4 Light Packaging Business Overview
- 10.24.5 Light Packaging Recent Developments
- 10.1 Mondi Plc
- 11 Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Forecast by Region
- 11.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size Forecast
- 11.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Forecast by Region
- 11.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.2 Europe Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.3 Asia Pacific Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size Forecast by Region
- 11.2.4 South America Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Sales of Ecommerce Paper Bags by Country
- 12 Forecast Market by Type and by Application (2026-2035)
- 12.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Forecast by Type (2026-2035)
- 12.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Ecommerce Paper Bags by Type (2026-2035)
- 12.1.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size Forecast by Type (2026-2035)
- 12.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Ecommerce Paper Bags by Type (2026-2035)
- 12.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Forecast by Application (2026-2035)
- 12.2.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application
- 12.2.2 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2026-2035)
- 12.1 Global Ecommerce Paper Bags Market Forecast by Type (2026-2035)
- 13 Conclusion and Key Findings